Mesopotamia means the country between rivers.  Located between the Tigris and euprates rivers in middle east.  Today region  covers the lands of Iraq norteast syra , south eastern anatolia and southwest Iran. Mesopotamia was cradle of many civilizations in history.

Fertile soils and suitable climate conditions of the mesopotamia  lead many civilizations to settle in here .  Mesopotamia is a place where great  Sumerian ,  babels and assyrian civilizations settled and developed.

·         Arabians call the  middle mesopotamia area as El-cezire district

·         Culture phases of mesopotamia

·         Pre and proto history

·         Culture of Sumerians

·         Sumerian –akadian culture

·         Empires of mesopotamia

·         Babel empire

·         Eastern empires

·         End of Sumerian –akadian culture phase

Pre history period

Agriculture was learned by people and improved.   Summer was drought and floodings were frequent in spring so the channels and water deposits were made.

Ceramic technics were improved and temples  built. Copper processed , sealing was used

Sumerian culture

Cities were occured in this period.  The most important city of the period was uruk

King was the leader of  all politics and religion.  All the authority were collected in him

The oldest  script of the world invented in this period.

Sumerian –akadian Culture

Sargon from Akkadia had founded this empire the official language of the empire was Akkadian

Akkadians adopted the Sumerian culture and they developed this culture,  so helped the improve the writing and script.

Sumerian language improved to be a language of science and literature.

Stagnation and recesion period

Akadian empire was collapsed in 2160 B.C so on the mesopotamia seperated to many small states. The most important state founded was Lagas after the akkadians collapse.

Land was insecure because of the conflicts , wars and fights.

Trading and agricultre decreased in this period

Babylon dynasty and empire

King Hammurabi cleared all other states away and dominated the land  alone ( 1793 – 1750 B.C )

He founded a  great empire covering the all mesopotamia land but the empire was dissolved quickly after his dead. His son was not very good in being an emperor.

Assyrian period

Asyrians conquered the mitanni and captured all the land in 1360 B.C . Assyria  grown up and became a great state.

Assyrians attacked to Syria , overwhelm the Babylon but south kingdom was in chaos.

Assyrian Tukulti-apil-essara 3rd. Announced himself as the king of Babylon to stop the chaos in babylon

People who didn’t accept the reign of Assyrians rised to rebellion against assyria.

Assyrians totally destroyed by the Babylons in (  626 -608 )

Persian emperor cyrus the great congquered the babylon.

Babylon under the rule of persians and  macedonians afterwards culturally became a very improved state center.

Interaction of Babylon and greek culture  carried the science of astronomy out of babylon borders  through western cultures

In the second century B.C Parthians took over reign. Cultural  and economical decreased  accelareted in this period. Scripts were forgotten.  Arabs  invaded and settled in mesopotamia 7th century A.D  islam was brought to here by arabs

In centuries mesopotamia deserted and all remnants covered by soil and great civilizations turned in to  mounds.